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Muscle Development in the Embryo and Hatchling¹

Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691

² Corresponding author: velleman.1{at}osu.edu

Muscle cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and fusion are processes involved with the formation of multinucleated myotubes that will further differentiate into mature muscle fibers. The process of muscle fiber development is nearly complete at the time of hatch. Muscle growth during the embryonic period of development is characterized by an increase in myoblast cell number through hyperplasia. Posthatch muscle fiber growth occurs through muscle fiber enlargement by the process of hypertrophy, which results from the recruitment of satellite cell nuclei. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are regulated by factors extrinsic to the cell. These extrinsic elements include growth factors and the extracellular matrix. The growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor-ß, insulin-like growth factor, and myostatin stimulate or inhibit myoblast and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Some of these growth factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 must interact with a low affinity extracellular matrix macromolecule to bind to their high affinity receptor necessary for cell signaling. It is probable that the expression of extracellular matrix proteins involved in growth factor signaling will affect muscle growth properties during hyperplasia and hypertrophy. As signaling pathways associated with muscle growth mechanisms are further understood, the poultry industry may find it beneficial to include the expression of key genes in their selection strategies.

Key Words: extracellular matrix • growth factor • hyperplasia • hypertrophy • muscle fiber

¹ Salaries and research support provided by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. Presented as part of the Embryo Symposium: Managing the Embryo for Performance, July 19, 2006, at the Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.