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Poult Sci 2006. 85:1430-1432
© 2006 Poultry Science Association
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METABOLISM AND NUTRITION: Research Note

Levels of ß-Mannan in Soybean Meal

H.-Y. Hsiao*, D. M. Anderson* and N. M. Dale{dagger},1

* ChemGen Corporation, 211 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877; and {dagger} Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602

1 Corresponding author: ndale{at}uga.edu


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Beta-mannan, also known as ß-galacto-mannan, is found in a number of feed ingredients for poultry. Of these, soybean meal (SBM) is by far the most commonly used, being the primary source of protein in poultry feeds in most countries. Although ß-mannan has clearly been shown to be deleterious to poultry and animal performance, a survey of its concentration in SBM has yet to be reported. Thirty-six samples of SBM, identified as either dehulled or nondehulled, were obtained from commercial sources in a number of countries and assayed for ß-mannan content. Results confirmed that all samples of SBM assayed contained at least 1.0% ß-mannan and that concentrations are higher in nondehulled (1.61 ± 0.20%) than in dehulled samples (1.26 ± 0.14%).

Key Words: soybean meal • beta-mannan • galactomannan


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Beta-mannan, also referred to as ß-galactomannan, is a polysaccharide with repeating units of mannose, with galactose or glucose, or both, often found attached to the ß-mannan backbone (Carpita and McCann, 2000). Beta-glucomannan, with some glucoses replacing mannose in the backbone, also exists. The solubility of ß-mannan in water increases as the number galactose molecules on the mannan backbone increases.

Beta-mannan is commonly found in a wide variety of feedstuffs, including soybean meal (SBM), palm kernel meal, copra meal, and sesame meal (Dierick, 1989). Guar gum and guar meal also contain high levels of ß-mannan (Rogel and Vohra, 1983). The ß-mannan in guar gum has an average galactose:mannose ratio of 1:1.7, which is similar to the average ratio of 1:1.8 in SBM (Whistler and Smart, 1953; Whistler and Saarnio, 1957).

Mannans of various configurations are components of the surface of numerous pathogens including examples of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. There is an innate immune system in animals that is highly tuned to quickly recognize antigens on pathogens, especially including mannan. Studies (Peng et al., 1991; Zhang and Tizzard, 1996; Ross et al., 2002) have shown that ß-mannan is capable of stimulating the innate immune system and is thus potentially capable of stimulating a nonproductive energy draining innate immune response. This results in an increase in proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and increased cytokine production, leading to an increased severity of disease symptoms and a decrease in the efficiency of nutrient use. Moreover, dendritic cells, which have many surface receptors including mannan binding sites (van Kooyk and Geijtenbeek, 2003), are known to open the tight junction between epithelial cells and then extend into the intestinal lumen to sample lumen antigens (Kraehenbuhl and Corbett, 2004). This is part of the monitoring system that gut immunity deploys to check the microenvironment for changes in the intestinal lumen. This monitoring ability may provide a mechanism for contact between immune cells and ß-mannan from soy in the lumen.

Because of the almost universal use of SBM and full fat soy as protein sources in poultry feeds, ß-mannan is present in the overwhelming majority of poultry diets currently used around the world. However, ß-mannan has been found to be deleterious to animal performance, compromising weight gain and feed conversion (Anderson and Warnick, 1964), as well as glucose and water absorption (Rainbird et al., 1984). Nunes and Malmlof (1992) confirmed the negative effect of ß-mannan on glucose absorption, along with decreases in apparent production of insulin, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-I. More recently, the beneficial effect of enzymatic degradation of ß-mannan by addition of ß-mannanase to diets containing SBM has been documented in broilers (Lee et al., 2003; Jackson et al., 2004; Daskiran et al., 2004), layers (Jackson et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2005), turkeys (Odetallah et al., 2002) and swine (Pettey et al., 2002). Jackson et al. (2003) found the addition of ß-mannanase to improve the performance of chicks experimentally inoculated with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringins.

In spite of the popularity of SBM in poultry diets, the ß-mannan content of this ingredient has received scant attention. Whistler and Saarnio (1957) evaluated the galactomannan component of soybean hulls in the 1950s. The majority of mannan in SBM is located in the nonstarch polysaccharide fraction (Dierick, 1989). Some minor mixed linked mannans also exist in the soy protein fraction as the major N-linked carbohydrate structure of ß-conglycinin (7S), a glycoprotein (Koshiyama, 1966; Kimura et al., 1997). However, although knowledge of the ß-mannan composition of SBM on a global basis would be of interest to nutritionists and veterinarians, this information is presently not available. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to determine the ß-mannan content in a wide sampling of SBM currently available to the poultry industry.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Thirty-six samples of SBM were obtained from commercial sources in the United States and overseas. Each sample was identified by supplier as either being de-hulled (approximately 47 to 49% protein) or nondehulled (43 to 45% protein). The content of ß-mannan in each sample was estimated from the total mannose in SBM according to the method of Englyst and Cummings (1984). To provide a meaningful comparison, all values were adjusted to a 90.0% dry matter basis.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The ß-mannan content of dehulled SBM samples is presented in Table 1Go and of nondehulled samples in Table 2Go. The ß-mannan content of the SBM samples evaluated in this study ranged from 1.02 to 1.51% for dehulled (Table 1Go) and from 1.33 to 2.14% for nondehulled (Table 2Go) samples. The marked difference between the 2 varieties of SBM is not unexpected, considering the higher ß-mannan content of the hull fraction. Nondehulled SBM frequently contains between 5 to 6% hulls.


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  		Table 1. ß–Mannan content of dehulled SBM (90% dry matter)1
 

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  		Table 2. ß–Mannan content of nondehulled SBM (90% dry matter)1
 
Although the geographic origin of the SBM samples is indicated in Tables 1Go and 2Go, it was felt that the limited number of samples obtained did not allow for the drawing of firm conclusions relating this variable to ß-mannan content. Although it is presumed that different cultivars of soy may have different ß-mannan content, any such genetic effect would likely be modest compared with the marked effect of hull inclusion in the final SBM composition.

The ß-mannan content of a grain/soybean meal diet (formulated without other ingredients high in ß-mannan) clearly depends upon the level of SBM usage. For illustrative purposes, a broiler starter diet containing 35% de-hulled SBM might contain 0.44% ß-mannan. If a SBM were used that was not dehulled, the level of ß-mannan would be considerably higher. Thus, poultry nutritionists should be cognizant of the significant ß-mannan content of SBM and consider the possible use of exogenous dietary enzymes to improve bird performance.

Received for publication September 30, 2005. Accepted for publication February 21, 2006.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick. 1964. Value of enzyme supplements in rations containing certain legume seed meals or gums. Poult. Sci. 43:1091–1097.

Carpita, N., and M. McCann. 2000. The cell wall. Pages 52–108 in Biochemistry &Molecular Biology of Plants. B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones, ed. Am. Soc. Plant Physiol., Rockville, MD.

Daskiran, M., R. G. Teeter, D. Fodge, and H. Y. Hsiao. 2004. An evaluation of endo-ß-D-mannanase (Hemicell) effects on broiler performance and energy use in diets varying in ß-mannan content. Poult. Sci. 83:662–668.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dierick, N. A. 1989. Biotechnology aids to improve feed and feed digestion: Enzyme and fermentation. Arch. Anim. Nutr. Berlin 3:241–261.

Englyst, H. N., and J. H. Cummings. 1984. Simplified method for the measurement of total non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 109:937–942.

Jackson, M. E., D. M. Anderson, H. Y. Hsiao, G. F. Mathis, and D. W. Fodge. 2003. Beneficial effect of ß-mannanase feed enzyme on performance of chicks challenged with Eimeria sp. and Clostridium perfringens. Avian Dis. 47:759–763.[ISI][Medline]

Jackson, M. E., D. W. Fodge, and H. Y. Hsiao. 1999. Effects of ß-mannanase in corn-soybean meal diets on laying hen performance. Poult. Sci. 78:1737–1741.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Jackson, M. E., K. Geronian, A. Knox, J. McNab, and E. McCartney. 2004. A dose-response study with the feed enzyme ß-mannanase in broilers provided with corn-soybean meal based diets in the absence of antibiotic growth promoters. Poult. Sci. 83:1992–1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kimura, Y., A. Ohno, and S. Takagi. 1997. Structural analysis of N-glycans of storage glycoproteins in soybean (Glycine max. L) seed. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:1866–1871.[Medline]

Koshiyama, I. 1966. Carbohydrate component in 7S protein of soybean casein fraction. Agric. Biol. Chem. 7:646–650.

Kraehenbuhl, J.-P., and M. Corbett. 2004. Keeping the gut microflora at bay. Science 303:1624–1625.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lee, J. T., C. A. Bailey, and A. L. Cartwright. 2003. ß-mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions. Poult. Sci. 82:1925–1931.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Nunes, C. S., and K. Malmlof. 1992. Effects of guar gum and cellulose on glucose absorption, hormonal release, and hepatic metabolism in the pig. Br. J. Nutr. 68:693–700.[ISI][Medline]

Odetallah, N. H., P. R. Ferket, J. L. Grimes, and J. L. McNaughton. 2002. Effect of mannan-endo-1,4-ß-mannosidase on the growth performance of turkeys fed diets containing 44% and 48% crude protein soybean meal. Poult. Sci. 81:1322–1331.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Peng, S. Y., J. Norman, G. Curtin, D. Corrier, H. R. McDaniel, and D. Busbee. 1991. Decreased mortality in Norman murine sarcoma in mice treated with the immunomodular, acemannan. Mol. Biother. 3:79–87.[Medline]

Pettey, L. A., S. D. Carter, B. W. Senne, and J. A. Shriver. 2002. Effects of beta-mannanase addition to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility of weanling and growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1012–1019.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Rainbird, A. L., A. G. Low, and T. Zebrowska. 1984. Effect of guar gum on glucose and water absorption from isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 52:489–498.[ISI][Medline]

Rogel, A. M., and P. Vohra. 1983. Hypocholesterolemia and growth-depression in chicks fed guar gum and knojac mannan. J. Nutr. 113:873–879.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Ross, S. A., C. J. G. Duncan, D. S. Pasco, and N. Pugh. 2002. Isolation of a galactomannan that enhances macrophage activation from the edible fungus Morchella esculenta. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:5683–5685.[ISI][Medline]

van Kooyk, Y. V., and T. B. H. Geijtenbeek. 2003. DC-SIGN: Escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:697–709.[ISI][Medline]

Whistler, R. L., and J. Saarnio. 1957. Galactomannan from soybean hulls. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79:6055–6057.

Whistler, R. L., and C. L. Smart. 1953. Page 291 in Polysaccharide Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Wu, G., M. M. Bryant, R. A. Voitle, and D. A. Roland, Sr. 2005. Effects of ß-mannanase in corn-soy diets on commercial Leghorns in second-cycle hens. Poult. Sci. 84:894–897.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zhang, L., and I. R. Tizzard. 1996. Activaton of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: The major carbohydrate fraction from aloe vera gel. Immunopharmacology 35:119–128.[ISI][Medline]





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