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Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Event DP-356Ø43–5 (Optimum GAT¹), Nontransgenic Near-Isoline Control, or Commercial Reference Soybean Meal, Hulls, and Oil

J. McNaughton^*,2, M. Roberts^*, B. Smith, D. Rice, M. Hinds, J. Schmidt, M. Locke, K. Brink, A. Bryant, T. Rood, R. Layton, I. Lamb and B. Delaney

^* Solution BioSciences, 2028 Northwood Drive, Salisbury, MD 21801; Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., 7250 NW 62nd Ave., Johnston, IA 50131; and DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880

² Corresponding author: mcnaughton{at}ahpharma.com

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Event DP-356Ø43–5 (356043; Optimum GAT) is a genetically modified soybean (Glycine max) that was produced by insertion of the gat4601 and gm-hra genes. The expression products of these genes are the glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 and acetolactate synthase proteins, respectively. Expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 protein confers tolerance in planta to the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate, whereas expression of the acetolactate synthase protein confers tolerance to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional equivalence of 356043 soybeans to nontransgenic soybeans in a 42-d feeding trial in broiler chickens. Diets were prepared using processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from untreated 356043 soybean plants or from soybean plants treated with a mixture of glyphosate, chlorimuron, and thifensulfuron (356043 + Gly/SU). For comparison, additional diets were produced with soybean fractions obtained from a nontransgenic near-isoline (control; 091) and nontransgenic commercial Pioneer varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases. Starter diets contained 30% soybean meal, grower diets 26% soybean meal, and finisher diets 21.5% soybean meal. Soybean hulls and oil were added at 1.0 and 0.5%, respectively, across all diets in each phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in mortality, growth performance variables, or carcass and organ yields between broilers consuming diets produced with 356043 or 356043 + Gly/SU soybean fractions and those consuming diets produced with near-isoline control soybean fractions. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control, 356043, and 356043 + Gly/SU soybean treatment groups fell within the tolerance intervals constructed using data from reference soybean groups. Based on the results from this study, it was concluded that 356043 soybean was nutritionally equivalent to nontransgenic control soybean with a comparable genetic background.

Key Words: glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 • acetolactate synthase • glyphosate • broiler performance • carcass yield

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Event DP-356Ø43–5 (hereafter called 356043; Optimum GAT) is a genetically modified soybean (Glycine max) that was produced by the insertion of the gat4601 and gm-hra genes. The expression products of these genes are the glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 (GAT) and acetolactate synthase (GM-HRA) proteins, respectively. Expression of the GAT protein confers tolerance in planta to the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate, whereas expression of the GM-HRA protein confers tolerance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides by preventing the inhibition of acetolactate synthase, an enzyme required in branched-chain amino acid synthesis (Lee et al., 1988).

The gat4601 gene is the product of a gat gene isolated from Bacillus licheniformis that was functionally improved through multiple rounds of gene shuffling to produce an enzyme that more efficiently acetylates glyphosate than the native GAT protein (Castle et al., 2004). The acetolactate synthase gene (gm-hra) was produced by isolating the herbicide-sensitive gm-als gene from soybean and changing 2 specific amino acids (Mazur and Falco, 1989; Green, 2007). The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of 356043 soybeans by comparing the growth performance and carcass yields of broiler chickens fed diets containing 356043 soybean fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) with those fed diets composed of nontransgenic control (comparable genetic background) soybean fractions or diets composed of nontransgenic commercial soybean fractions.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Soybeans
Control soybeans (line 091) were nontransgenic with a genetic background comparable to 356043 soybeans that do not contain the coding sequences for the GAT and GM-HRA proteins (i.e., a near-isoline of 356043 soybean). Optimum GAT soybeans (356043) were obtained from plants containing the coding sequences for the GAT and GM-HRA proteins. The 356043 + Gly/SU soybeans were obtained from plants containing the coding sequences for the GAT and GM-HRA proteins that were treated with 2 sequential broadcast applications of a herbicide tank mix containing the active ingredients glyphosate (Touchdown IQ, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC), chlorimuron (Spin, DuPont, Wilmington, DE), and thifensulfuron (Refine, DuPont). Reference soybeans (93B86, 93B15, 93M40) were commercially available nontransgenic Pioneer soybeans that were not treated with herbicides. Soybean seeds for this trial were planted in isolated plots at least 3 m from soybean plants not in the same trial in November of 2005 in a field trial near Santiago, Chile, and harvested in April 2006.

Soybean Fraction Production and Characterization
Soybeans from control, reference, and 356043 plants were processed into meal, hull, and oil fractions under similar conditions at GLP Technologies (Navasota, TX). Identity preservation procedures were followed throughout the processing and inventory systems to maintain the identity of each soybean source and the resulting processed fractions. Event-specific real-time PCR testing confirmed the presence of the insert from event DP-35Ø643–5 in 356043 and 356043 + Gly/SU test soybean meal and soy hull fractions and its absence in control and reference soybean meals and soy hull fractions (data not shown). All soybean meals and soy hulls (control, test, and references) were evaluated for nutrient proximate composition, Ca, and P content at Cumberland Valley Analytical Services (Hagerstown, MD). Analytical determinations were conducted according to AOAC (1990, 2000) methods for CM (AOAC, 2000; method 930.15), protein (AOAC, 2000; method 990.03), fat (AOAC, 1990; method 920.39), fiber (AOAC, 2000; method 978.10), ash (AOAC, 2000; method 942.05), Ca, and P (AOAC, 2000; method 985.01). Amino acid content and concentrations of mycotoxins of these fractions were determined at Eurofins Scientific (Des Moines, IA). Amino acid concentrations were determined in accordance with AOAC methods (AOAC, 2000; methods 988.15, 982.30, and 994.12). Concentrations of mycotoxins were determined in accordance with AOAC methods [mycotoxins (method 994.08), fumonisins (method 995.15), and vomitoxin (986.17); AOAC, 2000]. Soy fractions and diet samples were analyzed for gross energy content with a bomb calorimeter (Parr Instruments model 1271, Parr Instruments, Moline, IL) at Pioneer Hi-Bred (Urbandale, IA).

Birds and Housing
Animal care and use practices during this trial conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (FASS, 1999). Commercial broilers (Ross x Cobb) were obtained at hatch (trial d 0) from a commercial Maryland hatchery and transported to Solution BioSciences Inc. (farm 1, Tyaskin, MD). Broilers were evaluated upon receipt for signs of disease or other complications that may have affected the outcome of the study. Bird health and actual number of birds received were documented upon receipt. Following examination, broilers were weighed, identified with a wing band, and placed randomly in pens. Broilers were housed at a density of 10 broilers per pen (12 pens per treatment group) in a room containing forced-air heaters and individual pen heat lamps with a cross-house ventilation system. A continuous 24-h lighting program was followed. Broilers were placed in 3 ft x 4 ft (0.914 m x 1.219 m) floor pens at a density of approximately 1.0 ft² (0.305 m²) of available floor space per broiler. Pens were separated by a wire partition and did not touch other pens from any side to minimize potential for cross-contamination. Birds were observed 3 times daily for overall health, behavior and evidence of toxicity, and environmental conditions. No type of medication was administered during the entire feeding period. Mortalities were recorded, and complete necropsy examinations were performed on all broilers found dead or moribund. Carcasses of necropsied broilers were disposed of according to local regulations via composting. Drinking water was provided for ad libitum consumption. Body weights and feed weights (including amount of feed added and amount remaining) were determined every 7 d. Body weight gain, feed intake, and mortality-corrected feed:gain ratio (feed efficiency) were calculated for d 0 through 42. A growth curve was prepared from weekly BW.

Experimental Design
Sufficient numbers of broilers were obtained before study initiation to ensure availability of 720 healthy chicks (50% males and 50% females) for the conduct of the study. There were 10 broilers per pen (5 males and 5 females) with 12 pens (replicates) per treatment of a total of 120 broilers per treatment. Broilers were fed their respective dietary treatments from time of hatching (trial d 0) to 42 d of age.

Diets
Diets were fed in 3 phases: starter (d 0 to 21), grower (d 22 to 35), and finisher (d 36 to 42). All diets were offered as a mash feed for ad libitum consumption. Starter, grower, and finisher diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of a typical commercial broiler diet using the NRC as a guideline (NRC, 1994). Diets were prepared at the Pioneer Livestock Nutrition facility (Polk City, IA). Control, test, or reference soy fractions were added to the indicated diets in equal amounts; requirements for protein, Lys, Met, cystine, Ca, and P were met by adjusting the concentrations of nonsoy ingredients. Within each phase, all diets were formulated to the same ME level: starter diets, 3,124 kcal of ME/kg; grower diets, 3,151 kcal of ME/kg; and finisher diets, 3,175 kcal of ME/kg. Starter, grower, and finisher diets for each soy source were mixed in the following order to minimize the potential for cross-contamination of nontransgenic soy with transgenic soy: control, 93B86, 93B15, 93M40, 356043, and 356043 + Gly/ SU. Mixing equipment was flushed with nontransgenic soy hulls before diet preparation. All diets were prepared using a ribbon mixer (Sudenga M750, Sudenga Industries Inc., George, IA) that was cleaned between each diet (starter, grower, and finisher) using compressed air and vacuum; mixing equipment was flushed with nontransgenic soybean hulls between each soy source, and flush material was disposed of by composting. Prepared diets were subsampled, and samples were composited for proximate analysis (including Ca and P), amino acid analysis, and gross energy analysis. Homogeneity and stability analyses of the GAT and GM-HRA proteins in the diets were not performed due to the inability to detect the transgenic proteins by ELISA in the toasted soybean meal and soy hull fractions used to prepare the test diets (356043 and 356043 + Gly/SU; data not shown). The inability to detect the GAT and GM-HRA proteins was likely due to the denaturing effect of heat on the proteins during the toasting process.

Measurements
All surviving birds were euthanized on study d 42 by cervical dislocation and subjected to a gross necropsy. Carcass and carcass parts yield data were collected from 576 broilers (4 males and 4 females per pen); yield data included carcass yield (postchilled), thighs, breasts, wings, legs, abdominal fat (including fat around gizzard), kidneys, and whole liver. Combined total mass was recorded for all parts considered as pairs (i.e., legs, thighs, both sides of the breast). Kidney and liver weights were expressed as percentages of whole live bird weight. Carcass yield was expressed as the percentage of whole live bird weight, and parts yields were expressed as the percentage of postchilled dressed carcass weight. Birds and remaining test feeds were disposed of by composting, conforming to local and state regulations.

Statistical Analysis
The mean value of data from the 356043 soybean group was calculated for each variable to test the primary hypothesis that growth performance and carcass yield would be different between broiler chickens fed diets containing test soy fractions with the processed fractions from Optimum GAT soybeans and those fed diets containing nontransgenic near-isoline control soy fractions. A secondary hypothesis tested was that growth performance and carcass yield of birds fed diets containing 356043 soy fractions produced under a herbicide spray regimen (356043 + Gly/SU) would differ from that of birds fed diets containing nontransgenic near-isoline control soy fractions. Data generated from control, 356043, and 356043 + Gly/SU soy treatment groups were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA (PROC MIXED, SAS version 9.1 software, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary NC). The model used for live performance data analysis was: Y_ij = U + T_i + B_j + e_ij, where Y_ij = observed pen response; U = overall mean; T_i = treatment effect; B_j = random block effect; and eij = residual error. The model used for carcass data analysis was: Y_ijk = U + T_i + B_j + TB_ij + e_ijk, where Y_ijk = observed bird response; U = overall mean; T_i = treatment effect; B_j = random block effect; TB_ij = random treatment x block effect (called pen); and e_ijk = residual error. The error term used for the fixed effect of treatment (T_i) was TB_ij, which allowed within-pen variability to become residual error. Statistical analysis of live performance data was determined on a per-pen basis and did not consider sex, whereas analysis of carcass data was determined on a per-bird basis and did consider sex. Estimate statements were used to generate the treatment comparisons for each live performance and carcass trait. The observed P-values generated from the estimate comparison statement determined whether 1) the mean of the 356043 test soy group was statistically different from the mean of the control soy group and 2) the mean of the 356043 + Gly/ SU test soy group was statistically different from the control soy mean; differences between means were considered significant at P 0.05. False discovery rate, as described by Benjamini and Hochberg (1995), was applied across all traits analyzed to control the false positive rate. Data generated from reference soy (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40) treatment groups were used in the estimation of experimental variability but were not included in the statistical output; instead, these data were used to construct a 95% tolerance interval containing 99% of the observed performance and carcass trait values from birds fed typical (nontransgenic commercial) soy diets, as described by Graybill (1976). Tolerance intervals were used as estimates of expected ranges of response variables within reference control groups obtained from the same source and housed and fed under the same conditions as the experimental and control broiler chickens within this study. If after false discovery rate adjustments there were still statistically significant differences among response variables in control, 356043, and 356043 + Gly/SU treatment groups, they were evaluated graphically to determine whether the observed values were contained within this interval. If individual observed values for a treatment group were contained within the tolerance interval, the treatment response was considered to be similar to feeding typical soy fractions. Tolerance intervals for organ and carcass variables were created by sex due to expected yield differences between male and female broilers.

	RESULTS

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Soybean Fractions and Diet Composition
Nutrient profiles of the control, test, and reference soybean meals were comparable for most analytes (Table 1). Slight variations in concentrations of protein were noted among control, test, and reference meals. The nutrient compositions of control, test, and reference soy hulls were similar (Table 2). Protein, fat, and energy concentrations in all soy hull sources were higher than typically observed in commercial soy hulls, indicating that the hulls contained a higher amount of bean meat due to poor separation between the hull and bean. As a result, the quantity of soy hulls added was limited to 1.0% across all diets. None of the soybean meals or soy hulls contained measurable concentrations of mycotoxins (data not shown). Lower gross energy content of all soy oils reflected the fact that the oils were only degummed and not further refined (data not shown); because of the lower nutritional quality, quantities of the soy oils were limited to 0.5% across all diets.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The current study was conducted to assess the nutritional performance of processed fractions obtained from a newly developed GM soybean (Optimum GAT; 356043) with the processed fractions obtained from its near-isoline control. Optimum GAT soybeans were produced by insertion of the gat4601 and gm-hra genes. The expression products of these genes, GAT and GM-HRA proteins, respectively, confer in planta tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredients glyphosate and acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea and imidazolinone (Lee et al., 1988; Castle et al., 2004).

The nutritional composition of the soybean meal and hull fractions from 356043 soybeans treated with in-field application of glyphosate and sulfonylurea herbicides (356043 + Gly/SU), untreated 356043 soybeans (356043), and control soybeans were compared in the current study. Processed fractions of 3 additional non-GM commercial reference soybeans (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40) obtained from the same field trial were also included. Information about the nutrient composition of soybean fractions necessary for formulating broiler chicken diets is limited primarily to nutritional proximates, amino acids, Ca, P, and gross energy values. In this study, no nutrient compositional differences were identified between the soybean meal and hull fractions from these different soybean sources. These results indicated that the processed fractions from these different soybeans were suitable for the production of broiler chicken diets.

Processed fractions (meal, hulls, and crude oil) from these different soybeans were used to produce starter, grower, and finisher broiler chicken diets in a manner consistent with that used by commercial poultry farmers (McNaughton et al., 2007). No compositional differences were identified in the diets from each respective phase regardless of the source of soybeans.

The performance of these different diets was compared using standard nutritional performance variables and organ and carcass yields. No significant differences in BW, weight gain, or carcass yields were observed among broiler chickens consuming diets prepared with processed soybean fractions from 356043, 356043 + Gly/ SU, near-isoline control, or reference soybeans. Organ yields from broiler chickens have not previously been reported in nutritional comparison trials of grains from transgenic crops. However, in addition to nutritional performance and carcass traits, they are indicators of overall broiler health. Liver weights in chickens are sensitive to changes from nutritional deficiencies in diets (Velu et al., 1971; Carew et al., 2005). The kidney weights of chickens are also sensitive to change from dietary differences, as best documented from studies with mycotoxins (Edrington et al., 1997; Morris et al., 1999; Farran et al., 2005). Further, liver and kidney weights are among the organs that have been assessed in nutritional performance trials of grains from transgenic crops in other species such as rodents (Hammond et al., 2004, 2006a,Hammond et al., b; MacKenzie et al., 2007; Malley et al., 2007). In the current study, there were no biologically significant differences in organ yield between broiler chickens consuming diets formulated with processed fractions obtained from Optimum GAT soybeans and those consuming diets formulated with feed fractions from near-isoline nontransgenic control soybeans.

The results from this study demonstrated that the processed fractions obtained from Optimum GAT soybeans are nutritionally equivalent to the fractions obtained from a near-isoline nontransgenic control and commercially available non-GM reference soybeans.

	FOOTNOTES

 
¹ Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.

Received for publication April 3, 2007. Accepted for publication August 27, 2007.

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