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Poult Sci 2007. 86:525-530
© 2007 Poultry Science Association
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METABOLISM AND NUTRITION

Comparative Bioefficacy of Lysine from L-Lysine Hydrochloride or L-Lysine Sulfate in Basal Diets Containing Graded Levels of Canola Meal for Female Broiler Chickens

G. Ahmad*, T. Mushtaq{dagger},1, M. Aslam Mirza{dagger} and Z. Ahmed{ddagger}

* Sadiq Brothers Poultry, 48-C, Satellite Town, Near Chandni Chowk, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan-46000; {dagger} Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan-38040; and {ddagger} National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, National Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan

1 Corresponding author: tmmirza{at}fsd.paknet.com.pk


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
A broiler growth assay was conducted to compare the efficacy of L-lysine HCl and L-lysine sulfate at a graded addition of canola meal (CM). A total of 1,440 1-d-old female Hubbard broiler chicks were allotted randomly to 6 dietary treatments each in 4 replicates of 60 birds per pen. The 2 lysine sources (L-lysine HCl and L-lysine sulfate) and the 3 CM levels (10, 15, and 20%) were used in 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in isonitrogenous (19% CP) and equicaloric (2,700 kcal of ME/kg) diets containing 0.96% digestible lysine. The experiment lasted for 42 d, and a single mash diet was used throughout the experiment. The feed intake during the starter phase (1 to 28 d) decreased linearly as the dietary CM level increased with diets containing L-lysine HCl, whereas feed intake increased linearly with increasing dietary CM level with that of lysine sulfate. Gizzard weight as percentage of carcass weight increased linearly (P ≤ 0.016) as dietary CM level increased. No significant effect of lysine sources or CM was observed on body weight gain, feed:gain, mortality, carcass weight, breast and thigh yield, and abdominal fat. In conclusion, L-lysine HCl can be replaced with L-lysine sulfate for broiler diets, and CM can be used as up to 20% of the starter (1 to 28 d) and finisher (29 to 42 d) diets without having any adverse effects of broiler performance.

Key Words: L-lysine hydrochloride • L-lysine sulfate • canola meal • low energy and protein • female broiler


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Commercially available feed-grade crystalline amino acids have provided an opportunity for nutritionists to formulate low CP cost-effective diets while maintaining optimal protein utilization by birds. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in practical diets for broilers when soybean meal is not the major protein source. Lysine supplementation under such circumstances almost becomes unavoidable in particular when dietary CP contents are to be reduced (Oviedo-Rondón and Waldroup, 2002) and when using the concept of ideal amino acid ratio in which lysine is used as a reference amino acid (Baker and Han, 1994; Baker, 1997, Mack et al., 1999). L-Lysine HCl, which contains a minimum of 78% lysine (Smiricky-Tjardes et al., 2004), is the dominant source of lysine for addition to poultry diets. L-Lysine sulfate products have minimum lysine contents of 46.8% in Biolys60 (Degussa AG, Frankfurt, Germany) or 51% in Lysine Plus (CJ Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, Shandong, China) and are produced by the fermentation process. Biolys60 has been reported to be equal to L-Lysine HCl in broiler chickens (Rostagno, 1999).

A considerable amount of canola meal (CM; the oil free residue of low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed), a coproduct of the canola oil extraction industry, is available for use in animal feeds. It is a good source of protein and particularly rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. Lysine content of CM is reported to be 2.02% (based on 35% CP), with a relatively low true digestibility coefficient of lysine (i.e., 0.79) and having a lower metabolizable energy content than that of other protein sources such as soybean meal (NRC, 1994). The indigestible carbohydrate content of CM is also high (Kocher et al., 2000). Bell (1993) reported that CM has an average 2.5% {alpha}-galacto-oligosaccharides and 18% nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) of which 1.5% is soluble as compared with 23% insoluble NSP and 4.5% soluble polysaccharides in sunflower meal (Irish and Balnave, 1993). The soluble NSP tends to increase the digesta viscosity and reduce nitrogen digestion and absorption (Annison, 1991), subsequently resulting in poor growth performance. Despite all of this, it has been reported that CM can replace up to 100% of the dietary soybean meal without any negative effect on bird performance provided the diets are supplemented with lysine (Leeson et al., 1987).

Although CM is a quality ingredient, there are still occasional reports of increased leg problems and reduced performance of birds when CM is substituted for a significant amount of soybean meal protein. The objectives of the study reported herein were to compare L-lysine HCl and L-lysine sulfate as lysine source for broilers and to substitute commonly used vegetable protein ingredients with CM in broilers.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Animal Husbandry
A total of 1,440 1-d-old female Hubbard broiler chicks (average initial BW of 37 ± 0.5 g) were obtained from a local hatchery (SB Hatchery, Islamabad, Pakistan) and randomly allotted to 1 of 24 replicates in floor pens (60 chicks in each replicate pen). A floor space of 0.074 m2 (0.80 feet2) per bird was provided in an open-sided house with sidewall curtains. Rice straw was used as bedding material over the concrete floor. From 1 to 10 d, birds were fed the diets in tube feeders. On 11 d, the tube feeders were replaced with round bottom feeders. The manual drinkers were replaced with automatic drinkers at 15 d. The house temperature was maintained at 32°C during the first week of age, and a reduction of 3°C/wk was practiced until the house attained a temperature of 25°C. This temperature was maintained from the fourth week onward. A 24-h lighting regimen was provided throughout the experiment. Birds were vaccinated for infectious bronchitis at 1 d, for Newcastle disease (ND) at 4 d, for infectious bursal disease at 15 d of age, and for hydro-pericardium syndrome at 19 d. Birds were revaccinated for ND at 23 d. The experiment lasted for 42 d.

Experimental Diets and Bird Performance
All ingredients used in this study were obtained from SB Feeds (Islamabad, Pakistan). The basal diets (Table 1Go) with 10, 15, and 20% CM, respectively, were low in lysine (Table 2Go). Dietary ME and CP contents were 2,700 kcal/kg and 19.1%, respectively, which were lower than that proposed by NRC (1994). They were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Digestible lysine was kept at 0.96%, and all essential amino acids including lysine met or exceeded the level suggested by Leeson and Summers (2001) for commercial poultry production. The experimental diets were supplemented with L-lysine HCl (Degussa AG) or lysine sulphate (Changchun Dahe BioTech Development Co. Ltd., China). A single mash diet was used throughout the experiment as proposed by Oyedeji et al. (2005) for low nutrient density diets.


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  		Table 1. Ingredient composition of the experimental diets (%)1
 

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  		Table 2. Nutrient composition of the experimental diets
 
At the end of each week, all birds and residual feed were weighed. The birds that were removed or died during the experiment were weighed to adjust feed:gain and feed intake.

Carcass and Immunity Response
At the end of d 42, 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected for eviscerated carcass yield. The carcass responses were evaluated as described by Mushtaq et al. (2005). For determining the antibody titer against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and ND virus (NDV), 1 bird from each replicate was randomly selected at 37 d, and blood was collected by puncturing the wing vein. The antibody titer against NDV was detected by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using 16 hemagglutinin units of the ND antigen (G. D. Animal Health Service, Deventer, Holland) as described by Richtzenhain et al. (1993) whereas for IBDV, antibody titer was determined by using commercially available ELISA kits (Biochek, Gouda, Holland) as described by Thayer et al. (1987).

Statistical Analyses
Two sources of lysine (L-lysine HCl and L-lysine sulfate) and the 3 levels of CM were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial structure with 4 replicates on each treatment group. The pen mean was an experimental unit, and the data were analyzed by GLM using Minitab 13.3 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA). All the effects were considered as fixed, and all the linear and quadratic terms for the main effects and for all possible interactions were used in the model. The level of significance was 0.05 unless otherwise stated. In case of significance, Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to compare the difference in means (Mead et al., 1993).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The effect of dietary treatments on BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, and mortality during 1 to 28 d, 29 to 42 d, and 1 to 42 d are presented in Table 3Go. No significant effect of lysine sources was observed on BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, or mortality during the experimental period. Likewise no significant effects of graded supplementation of CM on BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, or mortality were observed. During 1 to 28 d a significant lysine source x CM effect was observed on feed intake. The feed intake during starter phase (1 to 28 d) decreased linearly as the dietary CM level increased with diets containing L-lysine HCl, whereas it increased linearly with increasing dietary CM level with that of lysine sulfate.


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  		Table 3. The effect of Lys sources and various levels of canola meal (CM) on BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, and mortality of broiler chickens1
 
Gizzard weight as percentage of carcass weight increased significantly with dietary CM level (Table 4Go). No significant effect of lysine source, CM, or their interaction was observed on eviscerated carcass weight, breast and leg yields, abdominal fat pad, and liver weight (Table 4Go). A significant quadratic effect of CM on antibody titer against IBDV was observed, and it was highest in birds fed diets with 15% CM (4,068 to 5,826). Antibody titer in response to NDV was not affected by CM or lysine source (Table 5Go).


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  		Table 4. The effect of Lys sources and various levels of canola meal (CM) on carcass weight, breast, leg, and abdominal fat yields1
 

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  		Table 5. The effect of Lys sources and canola meal (CM) on antibody titer against infectious bursal virus (IBDV) and Newcastle virus (NDV)1
 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Lysine is generally the first-limiting amino acid in practical poultry diets, which do not have high soybean meal contents. Because most nonsoy vegetable protein sources used in poultry diet formulations are moderate to low in lysine contents, supplementation with lysine is required to ensure rapid growth and optimum efficiency of feed utilization in growing broilers.

Common feed ingredients vary both in their amino acid composition and their digestibility/bioavailability (Mosenthin and Radenmacher, 2003), which is sometimes reflected as growth response. Certain amino acids such as lysine, threonine, methionine, cystine, and tryptophan are susceptible to damage or binding to other substances such as carbohydrates (Maillard or browning reaction) during processing, which can render these complexes unavailable for protein metabolism. Synthetic amino acids are expected to be 100% utilized. The dried, crystalline L-Lysine HCl has been reported to have about 78.5% free lysine (Schutte and Pack, 1994). L-Lysine sulfate is produced using a similar fermentation process to the one for L-lysine HCl. However, the dried biomass is maintained in the sulfate form (product has 15% sulfate).

Emmert et al. (1999) compared L-Lysine HCl with liquid lysine sources and found no difference in the 2 lysine sources. The source of lysine in the present trial was also observed to play no role in the response parameters. This is in agreement with an earlier study by Kirchgessner and Roth (1996), who reported that supplementation of the deficient basal diet with 0.1 or 0.2% lysine improved gain and feed efficiency irrespective of lysine source. Similar studies with piglets or pigs have also found nonsignificant differences in efficacy (Schutte and Pack, 1994) and animal performance (Smiricky-Tjardes et al., 2004) when lysine sulfate or L-lysine HCl were added to the basal diets. Because no difference in the true digestibility of L-lysine sulphate compared with L-lysine HCl in cecectomized roosters was observed (Neme et al. 2001a), nonsignificant response in BW gain, feed intake, and feed:gain by birds was logical during the present study.

There have been some reports of performance problems with CM, including reduced feed intake and reduced growth rate. The CM contains 1.14% sulfur compared with 0.44% in soybean meal (Summers, 1995), which was expected to reduce performance and illustrate leg problems especially at higher supplemental levels. Supplementation with lysine sulfate was also expected to exacerbate the problem. However, no significant effect of supplemental CM or lysine source was observed on BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, mortality (Table 3Go), any of the carcass responses (Table 4Go), or ELISA titer against IBDV (Table 5Go).

Similar results have been reported by Neme et al. (2001b) who observed no significant differences between L-lysine HCl and L-lysine sulfate at various lysine levels for BW gain, feed intake, feed:gain, breast, or breast fillet weights in broilers during 1 to 42 d of age. The feed intake during 1 to 28 d was reduced herein as the CM was increased in L-lysine HCl supplemented diets, whereas it increased in lysine sulfate diets. The reason for different responses to increasing CM in L-lysine HCl diets but not in L-lysine sulfate diets is not known because diets were calculated to be equicaloric.

Kocher et al. (2000, 2001) also observed no adverse affect of CM when it was added at 35% of the broilers’ diet. However, in certain studies (Pearson et al., 1979; Szczurek and Koreleski, 1998; Cowan et al., 1999), a reduction in performance of young broilers has been reported when high levels of CM were added to the diet. However, in some of the above-mentioned studies rapeseed (Pearson et al., 1979) or over-heated double zero rapeseed (Szczurek and Koreleski, 1998) meals were used, which are not comparable with the high quality CM used in the present study.

The CM levels did not affect the birds’ performance at any age. However, the gizzard weight increased linearly with the CM of the diet (Table 4Go). The possible reason may be that the CM contains high fiber and NSP (Kocher et al., 2000), and the increased bulkiness (physical form) increased the gizzard weight. Further investigation of the effect of high levels of CM on anatomy of visceral organs is suggested. The HI antibody titer against NDV was lowest in diets containing 10% CM, whereas it was highest in those having 15% CM (Table 5Go). However, it is unclear how CM level at 15% of the diet depressed antibody titer against NDV, although none of the CM levels affected antibody titer against IBDV. The booster vaccination dose of NDV at 23 d was done through drinking water, and the variable antibody titer response may be due to improper vaccination. It appears that vaccination through drinking water does not guarantee good antibody titer against NDV.

In conclusion, the bioavailability of lysine in lysine sulfate in promoting growth in broilers is not different from the lysine supplemented as L-lysine HCl, and could therefore be used as a source of lysine in practical poultry diets. Moreover, CM can be used up to 20% of the diet without having adverse affects on the broilers’ growth performance.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
Appreciation is expressed to Sadiq Brothers Poultry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, for financial and material support of this research. The authors are also grateful to M. Aslam Awan, SB diagnostic laboratories, United Center, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, for his help in serological tests for the present study.

Received for publication August 8, 2006. Accepted for publication November 10, 2006.


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 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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T. Mushtaq, M. Sarwar, G. Ahmad, M. A. Mirza, H. Nawaz, M. M. H. Mushtaq, and U. Noreen
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