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IMMUNOLOGY, HEALTH AND DISEASE |
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* Animal Production Unit, and Animal and Microbial Biology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés, 2 B-5030 Gembloux Belgium; and Funds for the Research in Industry and Agronomy, Rue d’Egmont, 5 B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
1 Corresponding author: chalghoumi.r{at}fsagx.ac.be
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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SE-OMP and STOMP (treatment SEST-FA or SEST-IM). Titers of antibodies in yolk were evaluated biweekly with ELISA. There was no antigen x adjuvant interaction on antibody titers. Anti-SE IgY titers in hens that received treatment SEST-FA or SEST-IM were statistically similar (P > 0.05) as compared with those obtained from hens immunized with treatment SE-FA or SE-IM. Anti-ST IgY titers in hens immunized with treatment SEST-FA or SEST-IM were slightly lower than those of hens that received treatment ST-FA or ST-IM. The cross-reactivity of anti-SE IgY, induced by treatment SE-FA or SE-IM, with ST-OMP antigen and that of anti-ST IgY, induced by ST-FA or ST-IM, with SE-OMP antigen were arbitrarily assessed on d 43 and 155 by ELISA. The average cross-reactivity of anti-SE IgY with ST-OMP antigen was 71.7%. The average cross-reactivity of anti-ST IgY with SE-OMP antigen was 78.8%. In FA groups, antibody titers were found higher (P < 0.05) than those in IM groups. Furthermore, no extensive lesions or clinical abnormalities were detected in hens injected with FA. These findings showed the opportunity to raise IgY antibody against 2 Salmonella serovars in the same yolk and that FA was more efficient than IM in mediating antibody response.
Key Words: immunoglobulin Y • Salmonella Enteritidis • Salmonella Typhimurium • Freund’s adjuvant • immunostimulating complexes matrix
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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A pathogen specific antibody can be obtained in large quantities from eggs laid by hyper-immunized hens. Many investigators have reported the possibility of inducing substantial amounts of specific IgY antibody against a single antigen (for a review, see Schade et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the possibility of raising specific IgY simultaneously directed against various antigens has not been previously reported, particularly in the case of Salmonella spp.
The immunogenicity of an antigen is influenced by several factors, including the species or strain being immunized, antigen properties and dosage, the route of administration, and adjuvant (Kuby, 2007). Freund’s adjuvant (FA), which is the most effective and common adjuvant used for antibody production in laboratory animals, leads generally to severe inflammation at the injection site. This disadvantage is rather linked to its complete form (Freund’s complete adjuvant: FCA) than to the incomplete one (Freund’s incomplete adjuvant; Leenaars et al., 1994, 1998). In birds, FCA, which is usually used at the first immunization, does not seem to result in the same severe lesions as in mammals. Studies using FCA in the laying hen for antibodies production did not mention any pathological lesions associated with this adjuvant (Svendsen et al., 1996; Kapoor et al., 2000; Li et al., 2006). However, the majority of Animal Care and Use Committees encourage the use of alternative adjuvants rather than the FA. The immunostimulating complexes matrix (IM) is a relatively new adjuvant that has been shown to induce an efficient humoral immune response in animal models and human clinical trials (Pearse and Drane, 2005).
The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative immunization assay to assess the possibility of inducing an efficient humoral immune response against 2 Salmonella serovars, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), in the same egg yolk. These serovars were selected because they are the main cause of salmonellosis in humans. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMP) were selected as the target antigens. The efficacy of 2 different adjuvants FA and IM on antibody titer in chicken egg yolk was also analyzed.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Preparation of Outer Membrane Proteins
The OMP from Salmonella were prepared as described by Nurminen (1985) with some modifications. The resupended bacteria were treated with lysozyme (L76R5, Sigma Chemical Co.; 0.5 mg/mL). After incubation for 1 h at 37°C, ribonuclease (R6513, Sigma Chemical Co.; 30 µg/mL) was added and the sample was allowed to stand for 10 min at room temperature. Then, 1 M MgCl2 solution (40 µL/mL) and deoxyribonuclease (D5025, Sigma Chemical Co.; 30 µg/mL) were added. After incubation for 5 min at room temperature, the mixture was centrifuged at 1,600 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The pellet, corresponding to bacterial envelopes, was washed twice with Tris-HCl/ EDTA buffer and once with Tris-HCl buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2 (Tris-HCl/MgCl2 buffer).
Lysozyme-EDTA-treated envelopes were suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH: 7.5) containing 10 mM EDTA and 2% Triton X-100 (T8787, Sigma Chemical Co.; TX-buffer) and incubated for 2 h at 37°C with trypsin (93615, Sigma Chemical Co.; 0.5 mg/mL). Then, a further 0.5 mg/mL of trypsin was added, and the mixture was incubated again for 2 h at 37°C. The resulting digested mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C, the supernatant was collected, and the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with acetic acid 10%. Two milliliters of 5 M NaCl solution was added to the supernatant, and the sample was leaved overnight at 42°C to precipitate the porin fraction. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C, dissolved in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH: 7.5). The suspension was centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. The precipitate was recovered and washed twice with the same buffer, then dissolved in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH: 7.5) containing 0.03% thimerosal (T5125, Sigma Chemical Co.) as a preservative, and stored at –20°C.
The protein content of the OMP extracts was determined by BCA assay system (BCA1-1KT, Sigma Chemical Co.) according to the protocol of standard analysis of the manufacturer. Each sample was tested in duplicate. The purity of each OMP extract was analyzed by SDS-PAGE by the method of Laemmli (1972) in 5 to 15% gradient acrylamide gels.
The lipopolysaccharide content of the OMP extracts was assayed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test (Kinetic-QCL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay, US50-650U, Cambrex, Verviers, Belgium).
Animals
Twenty-eight ISA Brown hens (Gallus domesticus, specific- Salmonella spp.-free status, Elevage avicole Saint Georges, Villemareuil, France), 21 wk old at the beginning of the experiment, were kept individually in pens in a standard animal room with a 16L:8D cycle. The temperature in the room was 20 ± 4°C. The hens were fed 125 g per day of a standard laying hen diet (All-mash pondeuse, SCAR, Herve, Belgium). Water was given ad libitum.
Immunization of Hens
Twenty-four hens were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 experimental treatments (Table 1
) corresponding to 6 different immune preparations for the induction of Salmonella-specific antibodies in egg yolk. The inoculum (500 µL) was administered to the hens at d 1 (21 wk old) intramuscularly at 4 sites on the pectoral muscle. In the case of the FA, the dose of antigen used (100 µg) was chosen on the basis of the instructions relating to chicken immunization protocols using this adjuvant (Schade and Hlinak, 1996; Schade et al., 2005). In the case of the IM, the choice of the dose (10 µg) was essentially made on the basis of the recommendations of the manufacturer (Isconova AB, Uppsala SE-75183, Sweden). The hens of the control group (n = 4), received in the same way, a sterile saline solution (PBS).
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In each group of hens (n = 4), the eggs were collected daily, labeled accordingly, and the rate of laying per group was recorded weekly from the start to the end of the experiment.
Every 2 wk, from d 1 till 155, 1 egg per hen was taken, labeled accordingly, and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until immunoglobulins were isolated.
General appearance of the hens and possible clinical signs were monitored daily. Once a week hens were weighted and injection sites were palpated to detect signs of pain. The experimental protocol was approved by the Official Animal Care and Use Committee of the Gembloux Agricultural University (protocol N° 05/04 NPC) before the initiation of the research and followed the Belgian guidelines approved by the committee on care, handling, and sampling of the animals.
Isolation and Partial Purification of IgY
Eggs were individually broken, the egg white discarded, and the yolk rolled on filter paper (Whatman No. 1, 512-1002, VWR International Europe BVBA, Leuven 3001, Belgium) to remove residues of egg white. The yolks were then transferred into a funnel fitted with filter paper that was opened at the bottom of the funnel, the yolk membranes were ruptured, and yolks were collected in a measuring cylinder leaving the yolk membrane attached to the paper. The yolks were diluted (1:9, vol/vol) with acidified distilled (pH: 2.5 to 2.8) water and mixed. The pH of the yolk suspension was then adjusted to 5.0 with 0.1 N HCl. After the suspension was allowed to stand for a night at 4°C, the aggregate lipoproteins of the yolk were separated by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 30 min at 4°C). The supernatant (water-soluble fraction) was collected and subjected to salt precipitation. This precipitation was carried out at room temperature by adding solid ammonium sulphate 19% (wt/vol) to the water-soluble fraction under stirring. After incubation for 30 min at room temperature, the solution was centrifuged (10,000 x g for 30 min at 4°C). The pellet was dissolved at the original volume of the yolk in PBS containing 0.03% thimerosal (T5125, Sigma Chemical Co.) and stored at –20°C until analysis.
Specific Activity of IgY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to check titers of SE-specific IgY in eggs laid by the hens receiving treatments SE-FA, SE-IM, SEST-FA, and SEST-IM. Each well of the 96 well microtiter plates (Nunc International, Rochester, NY) was coated overnight at 4°C with 100 µL of 1 µg/mL of SE-OMP antigen in 0.05 M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH: 9.5). The wells were washed with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20 (P7949, Sigma Chemical Co.; PBS-T), and then blocked by incubation for 30 min at room temperature with 200 µL of 2% BSA (A7030, Sigma Chemical Co.) in PBS 0.01 M. After 3 washings with PBS-T, IgY samples diluted to 1:1,000 were added to the wells, and the plates were incubated for 60 min at room temperature. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat antichicken IgG (E30-104, Bethyl Laboratories Inc., Montgomery, TX) at 10,000-fold dilution was added to the wells after other 3 washings. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 60 min and washed with PBS-T for 3 times. The peroxidase activity was revealed with tetramethylbenzidine (T-2885, Sigma Chemical Co.) in acetate buffer (pH: 5.5) containing 0.03% of H2O2. After incubation for 5 min at room temperature, the enzymatic reaction was stopped with 100 µL of 2 M H2SO4 and the optical density (OD) was read at 405 nm in ELISA reader (PR 5000, Lab systems Multiskan RC, Helsinki, Finland). The antibody titer was expressed as P/N values (Li et al., 2006), where P represents the net OD of IgY from immunized hens at 1:1,000 dilution and N, the OD of IgY from the control hens at the same dilution. The net OD of IgY from immunized hens was calculated as the OD values of IgY from immunized hens minus the OD of IgY from the control hens.
To determine ST-specific IgY titers in eggs laid by the hens receiving treatments ST-FA, ST-IM, SEST-FA, and SEST-IM, ELISA was performed as described above, except the microtiter plate was coated with 100 µL of 1 µg/ mL of ST-OMP antigen.
Cross-Reactivity of IgY
The cross-reactivity of IgY was determined by using ELISA method as described by Lee et al. (2002) and Sunwoo et al. (2002). The cross-reactivity of anti-SE IgY, induced with treatments SE-FA and SE-IM against ST-OMP antigen, was determined using ELISA. Wells of the microtiter plate were coated with 100 µL of 1 µg/mL of SE-OMP or ST-OMP antigens in 0.05 M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH: 9.5). Anti-SE IgY samples at 1:1,000 dilution were added to react with coated antigens. The cross-reactivity of anti-SE IgY against ST-OMP antigen was determined by comparing anti-SE IgY activity against ST-OMP antigen with activity against SE-OMP antigen, which was considered as 100%.
The cross-reactivity of anti-ST IgY, in eggs laid by the hens receiving treatments ST-FA and ST-IM, against SE-OMP antigen, was assayed according to the same procedure. The cross-reactivity of anti-ST IgY against SE-OMP antigen was determined by comparing anti-ST IgY activity against SE-OMP antigen with activity against ST-OMP antigen, which was considered as 100%.
Statistical Analysis
The laying rate and the BW of the hens were analyzed according to a GLM of the GLM procedure of SAS 8.02 software (SAS Institute, 1999). Model sums of squares were separated into treatment and time. Differences between levels of a given effect were tested using an F-test and were declared significant at P < 0.05. Differences between means were compared using Dunnett’s test (Dagnelie, 1986).
Given the repeated measurement data structure, the statistical analysis of anti-SE IgY titers values defined as (P/N)SE and measured every 2 wk during the experiment period (from d 1 till 155) for treatments SE-FA, SE-IM, SEST-FA, and SEST-IM were conducted using a mixed linear model of the MIXED procedure of SAS 8.02 software (SAS Institute, 1999). The model fitted antigen, adjuvant, and time as fixed classified effects and all their interactions and hen as random effect. Different covariance structures were tested to model repeated records for every hen. The smallest value for the Akaike’s information criteria was used to select the most appropriate covariance structure. Differences between levels of a given fixed effect were tested using an F-test and were declared significant at P < 0.05. The same statistical analysis was also conducted on anti-ST IgY titers values defined as (P/N)ST, for treatments ST-FA, ST-IM, SEST-FA, and SEST-IM. The 2 statistical analyses were performed separately because they concerned 2 different types of antibody.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The Limulus amebocyte lysate test showed the presence of lipopolysac-charide in SE-OMP and ST- OMP extracts at 29 and 24 pg/10 µg of OMP, respectively.
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Furthermore, no animal showed any clinical signs of distress in response to the immunization procedure or to any of the immune preparations. As shown in Table 2, no significant difference was observed between means of laying rate of the hens receiving the 6 immune preparations as compared with that of the control hens, especially for FA groups. These results indicated that the use of the FA did not alter the laying capacity of the hens, even after the first immunization, which was conducted with FCA. Our results contradict the findings of Bollen and Hau (1996), who observed a significant decrease in egg-laying rate when hens were immunized with FCA.
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). The immunization procedure and the 6 immune preparations did not affect this parameter.
Kinetic of Specific Activity of IgY
When the hens were immunized according to our procedure, SE or ST-specific IgY was detected only by the second week (Figure 2). The lag time of 2 wk can be explained by the time it takes for specific antibodies produced in hen serum to be transferred and accumulated in yolk as reported in other studies utilizing the laying hen for antibody production (Sunwoo et al., 1996; Kim and Patterson, 2003; Fu et al., 2006).
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After the third immunization (d 43), until d 57, the anti-Salmonella antibodies trended to increase more slowly than before. The effect of the third immunization is mainly marked after d 57.
Subsequently the antibody levels continued to increase and reached a peak approximately in d 99 or 113 in FA groups, and in d 85 or 99 in IM groups. After reaching peak, anti-Salmonella IgY titers decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both adjuvant groups. However, this antibody decrease occurred more tardily in FA groups than in IM groups (Figure 2).
Thereafter, when a fourth immunization was conducted at the d 134, high levels of antibodies were recovered at d 155, especially for hens received treatments ST-FA, ST-IM, SEST-FA, and SEST-IM.
These findings indicated that 3 successive sensitizations at 3-wk intervals allow the induction of increasing antibodies titers practically lasting 4 mo. Subsequently, antibody titers fall. But when an additional booster was carried out, antibody titers start to increase again. Based on these findings, it would be undoubtedly preferable to carry out the fourth immunization when the maximum antibody level is reached to avoid the antibody titer decrease.
Antigen Effect
Independently of the adjuvant used, the mean of anti-SE antibody titer obtained from hens immunized with the combined vaccine preparation (P/NSE = 7.44 ± 0.15) was statistically similar (P > 0.05) as compared with that obtained from hens immunized with SE-OMP antigen given alone in a full-dose regimen (P/NSE = 7.50 ± 0.14; Table 3). The mean of anti-ST antibody titer raised against the combined vaccine preparation (P/NST = 9.16 ± 0.11) was statistically lower (P < 0.05) than that raised against ST-OMP antigen given alone in a full-dose regimen (P/ NST = 9.66 ± 0.11; Table 3). However, the relative difference between values is very slight and amounts to about 5%.
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The anti-SE IgY sampled in hens received SE-FA at d 43 and 155 cross-reacted 71.5 and 71.8% with ST-OMP antigen, respectively. Anti-SE IgY recovered from hens Anti-ST IgY recovered at d 43 and 155 from hens received treatment ST-FA showed a cross-reactivity with SE-OMP antigen of 76.9 and 79.5%, respectively. Anti-ST IgY sampled at d 43 and 155 in hens received treatment ST-IM cross-reacted 77.8 and 79.8% with SE-OMP antigen, respectively (Figure 3b).
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The high cross-reactivity of anti-Salmonella IgY observed between SE and ST can be explained by the fact that both Salmonella spp. share common epitopes on OMP (Kudrna et al., 1985). If the cross-reactivity has to be avoided, immunizing the hens with isolated proteins that are not shared by the 2 Salmonella serovars (Figure 1) could probably reduce it.
In this study, the observed values of cross-reactivity of anti-Salmonella IgY are higher than those shown in Lee et al. (2002), who have used SE and ST inactivated bacterial whole cell as antigens. It is thus likely that the degree of cross-reactivity of IgY directed against a purified antigen like OMP is greater than that of IgY raised against a crude antigen as bacterial whole cell.
Our results demonstrate that amount of anti-SE antibodies produced by the hens receiving treatment SEST-FA or SEST-IM were probably lesser than that produced by the hens receiving treatment SE-FA or SE-IM, respectively. The same conclusion may be drawn for anti-ST antibodies according to treatments SEST-FA or SEST-IM as compared with treatments ST-FA or ST-IM, respectively.
Independently of the adjuvant used, the overall average of anti-SE antibody titer developped in hens immunized according to treatments SE-FA and SE-IM (P/NSE = 7.50 ± 0.11) was lower than that of anti-ST antibody titer produced by the hens receiving treatments ST-FA and SE-IM (P/NST = 9.66 ± 0.11; Table 3). This finding suggests that SE-OMP antigen is weakly immunogenic as compared with ST-OMP antigen.
Adjuvant Effect
The choice of adjuvant had an effect on the antibody titer in the eggs. During the experiment period, FA resulted in titers significantly higher (P < 0.05) than IM. The same findings are observed for other animal species by Levi et al. (1993), Lockyer et al. (1993), and Sjölander et al. (1993). Furthermore, primary and secondary antibodies response magnitude induced by IM was significantly lower than that elicited by FA (P < 0.05). This may reflect the difference in the dose of antigen used for immunization with FA (100 µg) or IM (10 µg). But it has been reported that the necessary antigen dose required to mount a substantial antibody response can be considerably reduced (by 10- to 20-fold) when using immunostimulating complexes or immunostimulating complexes matrix (Coulter et al., 2003; Pearse and Drane, 2005). Because the side effects related to the use of the FA are small and of short duration, so for large-scale production of specific egg yolk antibody, it would be preferable to use FA because it induced higher antibody titers and costs much less than IM.
The adjuvant x time of sampling interaction was significant for anti-SE IgY and anti-ST IgY titers, which indicates that the effect of the adjuvant was closely related to the time of sampling (Figure 2).
In conclusions, our results demonstrate that antibodies simultaneously directed against SE and ST can be efficiently produced in the same egg yolk of hens immunized with SE-OMP and ST-OMP in a half-dose-mixture. This antibody mixture can be used as an additive in broiler chicken diets to fight both SE and ST, which are the predominant cause of salmonellosis in human often associated with poultry meat consumption. Nevertheless anti-SE IgY obtained with the combined antigen preparation showed lower activity than anti-ST IgY, which could be explained by the fact that SE-OMP antigen could be less immunogenic than ST-OMP. Furthermore, according to this immunization regimen, the amount of IgY properly specific to an antigen (SE-OMP or ST-OMP) is certainly lower than that produced with a full-dose of a single antigen because antibodies cross-react.
Moreover the results indicate that the antibodies response induced by IM is lower than that induced by FA. Our findings also show that FA did not cause serious side-effects in birds, especially when it is used in incomplete form at boosting immunizations.
As a final comment, our findings suggest that it is certainly desirable to carry out an additional immunization within the 3 mo following the first 3 immunizations to maintain a high level of antibodies in eggs.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Received for publication June 18, 2007. Accepted for publication September 19, 2007.
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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